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			 **   THE GEM MESSENGER   **
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						     Volume 10, Number 3 
						     January 6, 2000

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1998 GEM Mini-Workshop Reports
Magnetotail/Substorm Campaign: Substorm Observations Working Group 
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From: Mark Moldwin (moldwin at galileo.pss.fit.edu) 

Co-Chairs: Shin Ohtani - JHU/APL and 
	   Mark Moldwin - Florida Institute of Technology

The Substorm Observations working group held a brief planning session at
the 1998 AGU mini-GEM Workshop in San Francisco on December 5, 1998. The
goal of the working group is to identify all the substorm onset signatures
- model independently - and to attempt to organize them in terms of their
temporal relationship.  We had 5 contributed presentations discussing the
previous summers idea of using mid-latitude Pi 2 as a substorm reference 
time. Two of the presentations were cautionary tales discussing the 
variability of Pi 2 onset as a function of latitude, and the association 
of Pi 2 with pseudo-breakup. The working group brainstormed about what
detailed questions of substorm timing can models address and what topic
should be the focus of GEM 99's working groups. The relationship between
mid-tail and near-Earth substorm signatures was identified as a topic that
could be addressed both observationally and with models and was selected
as the focus for GEM 99.

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