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== General Description ==

The Nightside Transition Region (NTR) is located between the outer and inner magnetosphere, and is characterized by the transition from a stretched magnetotail to a more dipolar inner magnetospheric field topology. During quiet times, the NTR acts like a “magnetic wall,” deflecting plasma and associated plasma structures around the inner magnetosphere. During active times, the NTR is a location of intense plasma energization and transport, often associated with the formation and evolution of mesoscale structures as the plasma dynamics in the transition region evolve. In recent years, our understanding of the NTR has advanced considerably due to coordinated space- and ground-based observations, as well as magnetosphere and ionosphere modeling efforts. The ground-based observations, particularly imaging systems, are arguably the only way to track the formation and evolution of mesoscale processes over a large enough region of space to tie these observations to a system-level understanding. In coordination with multiple in-situ satellites, this is an incredibly powerful combination that can “drill in” at multiple scale sizes, informing global and local models of plasma interactions. The current understanding of the plasma dynamics in the region is that most of the plasma transport and energization occurs as the plasma moves inwards from the magnetotail to the inner magnetosphere via mesoscale flows (~10s-100s km wide, when observed in the ionosphere). These flows sometimes manifest themselves as optical streamers, while others can remain invisible with current imaging technologies. Despite much research, we still do not fully understand how these mesoscale structures are incorporated in the global dynamics of the NTR, or how they are coupled to (and why they can have multiple manifestations in) the ionospheric system. It is this type of mesoscale structuring of plasma, and its connection to ionospheric processes within the NTR that we are proposing to study within this focus group. Those auroral processes such as beads, streamers, patches, omega bands, SAR arcs, STEVE, etc., all of which are driven by magnetospheric counterparts rooted in the NTR region and whose evolution is intimately tied to the large- scale dynamics of the magnetospheric system. We recognize that this is a very broad topic for a focus group, but we also know these auroral forms (and associated plasma processes) do not occur in isolation. They are often observed together and connected to magnetospheric activity levels, yet historically they have been studied largely independent of each other. Our focus group proposes to unite the study of NTR processes whose scale size sits between 10-100km in the ionosphere (1000km- to a few Re in the magnetotail) and for which the ionosphere-magnetosphere connection is best studied through coordinated ground and in situ observations. We will strive to uncover inter-connections between NTR processes, and connections between NTR processes and the larger magnetospheric dynamics.

'''The overarching goal of this proposed Focus Group is to utilize ground- and satellite-based data to understand the evolution and drivers of plasma processes in the NTR, and how they connect to ionospheric observations. This will help facilitate more realistic modeling representations of the region.'''

For full FG proposal [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Cp_-wb3MZab9nIXeqwEFCieQfxwvJMDs/view?usp=sharing CLICK HERE].

== Focus Group Chairs ==

[https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/sed/bio/beatriz.i.gallardolacourt Bea Gallardo-Lacourt, NASA-GSFC/CUA] (bea.gallardolacourt@nasa.gov)

[https://people.njit.edu/faculty/gperry Gareth Perry, New Jersey Institute of Technology](gperry@njit.edu)

[https://contacts.ucalgary.ca/info/phas/profiles/486-146049 Emma Spanswick, University of Calgary] (elspansw@ucalgary.ca)

[https://vincentledvina.com Vincent Ledvina, University of Alaska Fairbanks] (vledvina@alaska.edu)

== GEM Workshop 2025 ==

Our Focus Group is involved in several sessions during the 2025 GEM+CEDAR Joint Workshop

The MESO FG leads want to thank the student moderators helping us during GEM 2025: TBD).

1. KiTS-RX-MESO-CEDAR: Substorm Onset Sessions. These are a series of three sessions:
* Panel Discussion: Monday 06/23 at 13:30 Ballroom A. Panelists: Larry Lyons, Tuija Pulkkinen, Misha Sitnov, and Jesper Gjerloev
* Short invited and contributed presentations: Monday 6/23 at 16:00 Ballroom A
* Short invited and contributed presentations: Friday 6/27 at 10:00 Ballroom A

2. MESO-MPEC-CEDAR: New opportunities for addressing outstanding problems in magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere physics using sounding rockets launched from Alaska. Tuesday (6/24) at 10:00--Ballroom A

3. MESO-CEDAR: Continuum Emissions Across Geospace: From the subauroral region to the aurora and dayside. Tuesday 6/24 at 13:30 Ballroom A. This session will consist of brief ~7–10 minute talks, followed by a community discussion. The tentative agenda is as follows:
* Emma Spanswick (University of Calgary): Continuum emissions within the auroral oval--Observations
* Josh Houghton (University of Calgary): Continuum emissions within the auroral oval--Observations Continuation
* Rowan Dayton-Oxland (University of Southampton): Dayside continuum emissions
* Cheng Sheng (UTA): GITM STEVE simulations
* Brian Harding (UC Berkeley): Continuum emission--Generation mechanisms
* Jun Liang (University of Calgary): Modeling of auroral continuum structures--Progress and Challenges

4. MESO-CEDAR: Building a Long-Term Strategy for Ground-Based Instrumentation in Heliophysics. Wednesday 6/25 10:00 Ballroom A. This session is structured as a panel discussion. While the invited panelists will help guide the conversation, all community members are encouraged to participate and share their perspectives. The invited panelists are:
* Mike Ruohoniemi (Virginia Tech)
* Carlos Martinis (Boston University)
* Emma Spanswick (University of Calgary)
* Bob Robinson (CUA/NASA)
* Bill Bristow (Penn State)
* Mark Conde (university of Alaska)

5. MESO-CEDAR: Multi-scale Dynamics in the M-I-T System. Wednesday 6/25 at 13:30 Ballroom A.

High-Time Resolution Convection: SuperDARN Campaign (10 min per talk)
* Daniel Billett: 2025 SuperDARN Canada high resolution campaign
* Vincent Ledvina: Citizen scientist auroral observations
* Toshi Nishimura: High time resolution convection maps
* Bill Bristow: Status of upgrading the U.S. and Iceland SuperDARN radars
* Open Discussion

Short Contributed Talks (7 min per talk)
* Meers Oppenheim: Simulating radio wave propagation and scintillation through the turbulent ionosphere
* Yangyang Shen: Low-energy streamers using THEMIS-REGO conjunctions
* Yue Deng: Interhemispheric Asymmetry in the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere During the Dec.04, 2021 Solar Eclipse: MHD-GCM Coupled Simulations
* Q&A

6. MESO-MMV-SCIMM-CEDAR: Making discoveries with the Multiscale Atmosphere Geospace Environment (MAGE) Model. Thursday 6/26 at 10:00 Ballroom A.

7. MESO-CEDAR: Bridging Models and Observations: Strategies for Quantitative Data-Model Comparisons & Innovative applications of atmosphere-ionosphere models and datasets. Friday 6/27 at 13:30 Ballroom A. This session will consist of brief ~10 minute talks, followed by a community discussion. * The tentative agenda is as follows:
* Katherine Cariglia and Bill Rideout (MIT): Use of Madrigal database
* Prakash Poudel (Clemson): Lattice Kriging and TIEGCM simulation
* Dong Lin (UCAR): SAID simulations
* Anthony Sciola (JHU/APL): SAR arcs simulations
* Joel Tibbetts (UNH): ENA OSSE
* Anusree Devanandan (UNH): BBF characteristics

== Mini-GEM Workshop 2024 ==

The mini-GEM workshop will be held at The Westin Washington, DC Downtown (999 9th Street Northwest, Washington, District Of Columbia, USA, 20001). '''Use this link to register to mini gem: https://gemworkshop.org/registration/.'''

Our Focus Group will hold three hybrid sessions, with a strong emphasis on discussion. If you are interested in giving a brief presentation (maximum of 2 slides and 5 minutes), please reach out to the session chairs. The three sessions will focus on the following topics:

1. '''First Session: The upcomming International Polar Year (IPY) and the New AGATA SCAR program--Rock Creek Salon A 12:00-13:30 pm EST.''' In this session, Lucilla Alfonsi (Istituo Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia) will present about the AGATA program. This session will feature a presentation by Lucilla Alfonsi from the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia on the AGATA program. The discussion will focus on the following key questions: (1) How can the GEM community benefit from and contribute to the AGATA program? (2) How is the GEM community preparing for the upcoming International Polar Year (IPY)? (3) What are key questions that could raise public awareness, and how can the GEM/AGATA community make a meaningful difference at IPY in the public domain?

2. '''Second session: MESO+CGS--Rock Creek Salon A 13:45-15:15 pm EST.''' This session continues the focus on data and model comparisons of mesoscale structures and is organized jointly with the Center for Geospace Storms (CGS). Discussions will include SAR arcs, explored through both data and modeling, along with contributed presentations.

3. '''Third Session: Community discussion on the Decadal Survey Report--Rock Creek Salon A 15:30-17:00 pm EST''' The Next Decadal Survey report will be released on December 5th, just days before the AGU Fall Meeting. This session provides a platform for the community to discuss the report and collaboratively plan the focus for the coming years. We hope to also also outline future MESO FG sessions based on the Decadal Survey recommendations.

== GEM Workshop 2024 ==

Our Focus Group is involved in six session during the summer workshop.

The MESO FG leads want to thank the student moderators helping us during GEM 2024: Jodie McLennan (University of Iowa), Tomi Adewuyi (UNH), Sam McKay (University of Alaska Fairbanks), and Rushikesh Patil (West Virginia University).

All of the GEM sessions are hybrid. The sessions are divided in the following way:

1. '''First Session: "TREX data training session." Green & Gold Room. Tuesday 10:30 am - 12:00pm.''' We encourage all participants to register prior to the workshop

'''Slides for the tutorial are available via this link: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xcMbILZV1D6cXQwsFfPLvBolBUr1IaLk/view?usp=sharing CLICK HERE].'''

2. '''Second Session: "Joint session between MESO-MPEC-GIC around the question: How can the GDC mission be in service of the GEM community." Green & Gold Room. Wednesday 1:30 - 3:00pm.''' This session is also organized with the GDC Science Team represented by Katelynn Greer (University of Colorado)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Presenter
! Tentative title
|-
| style="background: #DAF2CE;"|Katherine Garcia-Sage (NASA)
| style="background: #DAF2CE;"|Intro to GDC
|-
| style="background: #DAF2CE;"|Dan Gershman (NASA)
| style="background: #DAF2CE;"|CAPE Instrument
|-
| style="background: #DAF2CE;"|Laila Andersson (LASP)
| style="background: #DAF2CE;"|AETHER Instrument
|-
| style="background: #DAF2CE;"|Katherine Garcia-Sage (NASA)
| style="background: #DAF2CE;"|OSSEs approaches
|-
| style="background: #DAF2CE;"|Emma Spanswick (UofCalgary)
| style="background: #DAF2CE;"|GDC-G
|-
| style="background: #CEF2E0;"|Josh Petit (NASA)
| style="background: #CEF2E0;"|Multipoint approach
|-
| style="background: #CEF2E0;"|Gareth Perry (NJIT)
| style="background: #CEF2E0;"|SAIDs and Swarm
|-
| style="background: #CEF2E0;"|Sneha Yadav (UCLA)
| style="background: #CEF2E0;"|Onset arc
|-
| style="background: #CEF2E0;"|Larry Lyons (UCLA)
| style="background: #CEF2E0;"|Onset arc
|}

3. '''Third Session: "TREX data training session." Green & Gold Room. Thursday 10:30 am - 12:00pm.''' We encourage all participants to register prior to the workshop [http://tinyurl.com/GEMNTR CLICK HERE]

'''Slides for the second part of the tutorial are available at this link.: [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NiSBukG_QWsL8dFPGZ6Mzj1LyNfS5S_R/view?usp=sharing CLICK HERE].'''

4.'''Fourth: "Joint session between KiTS-MESO." Green & Gold Room. Thursday 1:30 - 3:00pm.''' In this session, Xiantong Wang from the University of Michigan will deliver a 15-minute scene-setting talk exploring the question: "How do various energization mechanisms affect different plasma species in the magnetotail and their impact on the nightside transition region?" The remainder of the session will be dedicated to an open discussion with the community on this topic.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Presenter
! Tentative title
|-
| style="background: #53fbfb;"|Xiantong Wang (UMich)
| style="background: #53fbfb;"| Electron energization with bursty bulk flows: MHD with embedded particle‐in‐cell simulation
|-
| style="background: #ADD8E6;"|Mike Shumko (JHU/APL)
| style="background: #ADD8E6;"| Low-altitude Observations of Electrons Accelerated to MeV Energies in the Plasma Sheet
|-
| style="background: #ADD8E6;"|Xiaofei Shi (UCLA)
| style="background: #ADD8E6;"|
Picturing Global Substorm Dynamics in the Magnetotail using Low-Altitude ELFIN Measurements and Data Mining-Based Magnetic Field Reconstructions
|-
| style="background: #ADD8E6;"|Christine Gabrielse (Aerospace)
| style="background: #ADD8E6;"| Examining the different energization mechanisms for various plasma species in the magnetotail and their effects on the nightside transition region
|-
| style="background: #ADD8E6;"|Andrei Runov (UCLA)
| style="background: #ADD8E6;"|Electron Energization in the Nightside Transition Region During HILDCAA Events
|}

5. '''Fifth Session: "MESO and CGS drive center." Green & Gold Room. Thursday 3:30 - 5:00pm.''' Data and Model comparison of Mesoscale structures.This session is co-organized with the Center for Geospace Storms (CGS) represented by Adam Michael (JHU/APL).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Presenter
! Tentative title
|-
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"|Kevin Pham (UCAR)
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"|MAGE simulations of the 2024 Gannon day storm
|-
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"|Ying Zou (JHU/APL)
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"| An Extreme Auroral Electrojet Spike During 2023 April 24th Storm
|-
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"|Joel Tibbetts (UNH)
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"| ENA OSSE with MAGE applied to a geomagnetic storm
|-
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"|Savvas Raptis (JHU/APL)
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"| Plasma sheet convection
|-
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"|Tony Rogers (LANL)
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"| Energetic electron injections inside GEO
|-
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"|Anthony Sciola (JHU/APL)
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"|Magnetospheric drivers of giant undulations
|-
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"|Mike Henderson (LANL)
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"| Re-analysis on THEMIS ASI data
|-
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"|Jun Liang (UofCalgary)
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"| TREx inversion
|-
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"|Sara Gasparini (University of Bergen)
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"| Lompe Capabilities
|-
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"|Robyn Millan (Dartmouth)
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"| CINEMA Science
|-
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"|Mike Liemohn (Uof Michigan)
| style="background: #D4CEF2;"| MAAX Science
|-
| style="background: #CEE6F2;"|MESO+CGS discussion
| style="background: #CEE6F2;"| Data and model acknowledgement code of conduct/best practices
|}

6. '''Sixth Session: "Joint session between CP-MPEC-MESO." Green & Gold Room. Friday 10:30 am - 12:00pm.''' Session on Cold plasma and the aurora
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Scene Setting Talks
|-
| style="background: #F2ECCE;"|Eric Donovan (UofCalgary)
|-
| style="background: #F2ECCE;"|Shasha Zou (UMichigan)
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Contributed Talks
! Title
|-
| style="background: # F2ECCE;"|Dong Lin (UCAR)
| style="background: # D4CEF2;"|The role of inner magnetospheric heat flux in SAR arc formation
|-
| style="background: # F2ECCE;"|Vivian Cribb (UMichigan)
| style="background: # D4CEF2;"|Solar Wind Drivers of Auroral Omega Bands
|}

== mini-GEM Workshop 2023 ==

The mini-GEM workshop will be held at the Holiday Inn San Francisco – Golden Gateway (1500 Van Ness Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94109).

Our Focus Group would have three hybrid sessions:

1. '''First Session: Student led session and discussion with the community--Oregon+Nevada Room 12:00-13:30 pm PST.''' We encourage students to reach out to us (bea.gallardolacourt@nasa.gov) and present their science in 2-3 slides.

2. '''Second session: A discussion with the community about NRT processes--Oregon+Nevada Room 13:45-15:15 pm PST''' In this session we will target two questions initially posed at the NTR workshop: How do we average arc-scale processes to be representative in the global dynamics? (By Tuija Pulkkinen) and Can we leverage high-resolution flow and auroral observations for specifying the ionosphere state? (By Toshi Nishimura) There would be no presentations, but single slides would be allowed.

3. '''Third Session: MESO+CGS--Redwood Room 15:30-17:00 pm PST''' Data and Model comparison of Mesoscale structures. This is the continuation of a workshop-style discussion that started at the GEM summer workshop 2023.

== GEM Workshop 2023 ==

Our Focus Group is involved in five session during the summer workshop. All of the GEM sessions are hybrid. The sessions are divided in the following way:

 The student moderator helping us in the sessions is Akhtar Ardakani from UNH

1. '''First Session: "Why is the GDC mission important to the magnetospheric community?"'''

Monday June 12 in Room B between 10:30 am -12:00 pm PST.-- Organized together with the GDC science Team represented by Anna DeJong
* Larry Kepko - GDC Deputy Project Scientist
* Eftyhia Zesta - CAPE and NEMISIS
* Yue Deng - GDC SOPHIE IDS Team
* Jared Bell - Modeling approaches
* Emma Spanswick - Ground-based optical capabilities

2. '''Second & Third Session: The Substorm Current Wedge Paradigm.'''

Monday June 12 in Room A. This session is organized together with the Dipolarization FG and the EZIE Science Team

Session 1. 1:30-3:00 pm PST: Scene setting talks on the Substorm Current Wedge Paradigm.
* Bob McPherron (UCLA)
* Larry Kepko (NASA/GSFC)
* Jesper Gjerloev (JHU/APL)

Session 2. 3:30-5:30 pm PST: Discussion with a panel of experts.
* Joachim Birn (Space Science Institute)
* Slava Merkin (JHU/APL)
* Shin Ohtani (JHU/APL)
* Toshi Nishimura (Boston University)
* Karl Laundal (University of Bergen)

3. '''Fourth Session: “What can ground-based observations tell us about the mesoscale phenomena occurring in space?”'''

Thursday June 15 in Room A at 1:30-3:00 pm PST. This session is organized together with the DIP and MPEC FGs

4. '''Fifth Session: “Hands on workshop: Data and Model comparison of Mesoscale structures”'''

Friday June 16 in Room A at 10:30am-12:00 pm PST. This session is organized by the Center for Geospace Storms

For more information please contact any of the Focus group Chairs.

== mini-GEM Workshop 2022 ==

The mini-GEM workshop will be held at the Hilton Chicago Hotel (720 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL).

Our Focus Group would have two hybrid sessions:

1. '''First Session: DIP+MESO+RB Joint in the Williford C room between 12-13:30 pm CST.''' In this session, participants are encouraged to address the following questions: How important are mesoscale injections that initiate in the tail plasma sheet to the inner magnetosphere? What’s the role of the transition region in mass and energy transport? How effectively can plasma sheet injections get through the transition region, and/or does the transition region act as a filter? Are the important injections those that are more global in scale? Or, what are we missing in data and/or models to answer these questions?. We appreciate for speakers to email us ahead of time to let us know which question(s) they will address.

2. '''Second Session: Mesoscale drivers of the NTR in the Williford C room between 13:45-15:15 pm CST''' This session will focus on magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling and its consequences on the NTR. For this session, we also appreciate for speakers to email us ahead of time if interested in presenting.

== GEM Workshop 2022 ==

Access the PDF files of presented talks [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1tPRIERZ5QxfoUegQeM3xXKwoyR9xOES1?usp=sharing CLICK HERE].

Our focus group has three sessions planned at GEM this year. We’ve divided these sessions into three different themes:

1. First session: MESO/CEDAR joint, Monday June 20, 2022, 13:30 - 15:00 HST. During this session we will discuss the ionospheric implication and phenomena that take place in the NTR. For example, STEVE and SAR arcs. This session will be a joint session with CEDAR (connected via video conferencing link).

2. Second session: Magnetospheric aspects of the NTR processes, Tuesday June 21, 2022, 1:30 - 3:00 pm HST. Inner plasma sheet dynamic, pulsating aurora, energetic interactions around the NTR, etc

3. Third session: Meso/Dipolarization joint, Friday June 24, 2022, 10:30 - 12:00 HST. For this joint session we will follow the Dipolarization FG discussion of the last years on the roles that mesoscale phenomena (e.g. DFBs, BBFs, injections, streamers) play with respect to the global system response (e.g. global dipolarization, MLT wide injections). As the Dipolarization FG winds down, the Transition FG will take the lead on this topic. For this session, we therefore solicit contributions that address this question.

Please submit by June 1st (soft deadline)

For remote presenters, virtual contribution options will be available. Students’ talks are highly encouraged. Feel free to contact Bea Gallardo-Lacourt (gallardolacourt@cua.edu) with questions.

==== Tentative Agenda ====

'''MESO+CEDAR Joint: Monday, June 20, 1:00 - 3:00 pm HST (6:00-8:00pm CDT) -- Stingray Room'''
* Phil Erickson - STEVE workshop updates and future plans
* Lindsay Goodwin - Multipoint Observations of STEVE Precursors
* Bharat Kunduri - An examination of magnetosphere-ionosphere-thermosphere coupling during STEVE
* Valerie Svaldi - High Latitude Ionospheric Electrodynamics during STEVE Events
* Naomi Maruyama - Impact of substorm injections on Magnetosphere-Ionosphere coupling
* Jun Liang - TBD
* Carlos Martinis - SAR arcs & STEVE
* Eric Donovan - Updates on TREx
* Shasha Zou - Impact of the NTR on polar cap patch evolution
* Nithin Sivadas - Current sheet scattering from the night-side transition regions and their auroral signatures

'''Mesoscale structures in the NTR-Magnetosphere: Tuesday, June 21, 1:30pm-3:00pm HST -- Bluefin Room'''
* Megan Gillies - quick review to SAR arc and STEVE spectrographic measurements
* Alexa Halford - LAMP mission overview
* Allison Jaynes - Persistent, energetic pulsating aurora during the LAMP mission launch window
* Mike Shumko - A Strong Correlation Between Relativistic Electron Microbursts and Patchy Aurora
* Jun Liang - Low-energy plasma structure and patchy pulsating aurora: observational evidence and numerical simulation
* Kyle Murphy - The asi_tools library - Accessing all sky imager data
* Mike Shumko - Quick overview of Python aurora-ASI-lib
* Sneha Babu - Probing the magnetospheric substorm onset mechanism using pitch angle resolved GOES satellite energetic particle data
* Sheng Tian - Auroral beads in conjunction with kinetic Alfven waves in the equatorial inner-magnetosphere
* Jiang Liu - Embedded Region 1 and 2 currents: preferred conditions and indications on how they arise and impact the transition region

'''MESO/DIP Joint Session: Friday, June 24, 10:30am-12:00pm HST -- Stingray Room'''
* Yangyang Shen - Contribution of kinetic Alfvén waves to energetic electron scattering and precipitation from plasma sheet injections
* James Weygand - ASI and GOES Observations of Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Observed in Canada
* Chih-Ping Wang - RCM simulation of azimuthal expansion of plasma sheet bubble in transition region
* Sheng Tiang - Coordinated observations on how global-scale dipolarizations couple to the ionosphere and meso-scale dipolarizations
* Matt Cooper - Field-aligned thermodynamic features represented in the Middle Energy Inner Magnetosphere (MEIM) Model
* Kareem Sorathia - Global modeling of multiscale stormtime magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling
* Homayon Aryan - The response of ionospheric currents to different types of magnetospheric fast flow bursts

FG: Mesoscale drivers of the nightside transition region ionospheric and magnetotail evaluations

2025-04-22T16:37:07Z

Bgallardo: /* Focus Group Chairs */

FG: Mesoscale drivers of the nightside transition region ionospheric and magnetotail evaluations

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Bgallardo:

FG: Mesoscale drivers of the nightside transition region ionospheric and magnetotail evaluations

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Bgallardo:

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Bgallardo:

FG: Mesoscale drivers of the nightside transition region ionospheric and magnetotail evaluations

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Bgallardo:

FG: Mesoscale drivers of the nightside transition region ionospheric and magnetotail evaluations

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Bgallardo:

FG: Mesoscale drivers of the nightside transition region ionospheric and magnetotail evaluations

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Bgallardo:

FG: Mesoscale drivers of the nightside transition region ionospheric and magnetotail evaluations

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Bgallardo:

FG: Mesoscale drivers of the nightside transition region ionospheric and magnetotail evaluations

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