FG: Magnetotail Dipolarization and Its Effects on the Inner Magnetosphere

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Focus Group Chairs

Christine Gabrielse -- The Aerospace Corporation ----------- contact: christine.gabrielse at aero.org
Matina Gkioulidou --- John Hopkins Applied Physics Lab
Drew Turner ---------- John Hopkins Applied Physics Lab
Slava Merkin --------- John Hopkins Applied Physics Lab
David Malaspina ----- LASP, University of Colorado
Adam Michael -------- John Hopkins Applied Physics Lab

Focus Group Science Topic

The overarching goal of this focus group is to utilize both in situ and ground-based observations alongside state-of-the-art models and theory to better incorporate magnetotail dipolarizations in global stand-alone and coupled magnetospheric models, refining our conceptual models of this phenomenon and examining its impacts on the inner magnetosphere.

In our pursuit of that goal, we plan to work with the community in formulating and investigating science questions that pertain to this focus group topic and its overarching goal, some examples of which include:

  1. What are the mechanisms responsible for both elementary and global magnetotail dipolarizations and are they captured by current state-of-the-art models?
  2. What is the role of reconnection and/or other plasma instabilities in producing elementary magnetotail dipolarizations?
  3. What is the relationship, if any exists, between elementary magnetotail dipolarizations and more global dipolarization during substorms?
  4. What is the role of elementary magnetotail dipolarizations in:
    • enhancements of the ring current?
    • creating the seed electron population for the radiation belts?
    • the generation of different wave modes (e.g., ULF, chorus, hiss, EMIC, equatorial noise, etc.) in the inner magnetosphere?


For full FG proposal CLICK HERE.


GEM 2023

Monday 13:30-15:00 PDT Joint Session with MESO: Room A

The Substorm Current Wedge Paradigm

Scene setting talks on the Substorm Current Wedge Paradigm.

  1. Bob McPherron (UCLA)
  2. Larry Kepko (NASA/GSFC)
  3. Jesper Gjerloev (JHU/APL)

Monday 15:30-17:00 PDT Joint Session with MESO: Room A

The Substorm Current Wedge Paradigm

Discussion with a panel of experts.

  1. Joachim Birn (Space Science Institute)
  2. Slava Merkin (JHU/APL)
  3. Shin Ohtani (JHU/APL)
  4. Toshi Nishimura (Boston University)
  5. Karl Laundal (University of Bergen)

Tuesday 13:30-15:00 PDT Joint Session with RB: Room A

We will discuss the following:

  1. Where are we in terms of quantifying the contribution of mesoscale injections/bubbles to the ring current and/or radiation belt?
  2. What can we accomplish with current assets?
  3. Do we need new missions to answer the question (and if so what is needed)?

Confirmed discussion leaders:

  1. Matina Gkioulidou Observing the global geospace at mesoscale resolution
  2. Anthony Sciola - The contribution of plasma sheet bubbles to stormtime ring current buildup and evolution of the energy composition
  3. Sina Sadeghzadeh - RCM Modeling of Bubble Injections into the Inner Magnetosphere: Spectral Properties of Plasma Sheet particles
  4. Anton Artemyev - ELFIN+injections: Relativistic electron precipitation driven by plasma injections

Tuesday 15:30-17:00 PDT: Room Coa

We will review the FG’s original goals/questions and then ask, “Where were we and how far have we come?” There will be a panel discussion concluding with community discussion.

Confirmed Panelists:

  1. Andrei Runov
  2. Joachim Birn
  3. Anton Artemyev
  4. Grant Stephens
  5. Shin Ohtani

Wednesday 10:30-12:00 PDT Joint Session with CPMP and RB: Room A

Scene setting talk by George Clark about the vision for CPMP with regards to particle energization, radiation belts, etc.

Panel-led Discussion

Wednesday 13:30-15:00 PDT: Room Coa

We pose the question, “Where are we going? What are the open questions we should carry into new FGs?”

Contributed Speakers:

  1. Toshi Nishimura: Connection between substorm onset and expansion phase activity: How near-Earth instability transitions to expansion-phase BBFs/DFs
  2. Harry Arnold: Grey Box Modeling: Empirical Resistivity Maps and Thin Current Sheets
  3. Xiantong Wang: BBF simulations using the two-way coupled MHD-PIC code
  4. Konstantinos Horaites (Minna Palmroth): Magnetotail plasmoid eruption: Interplay of instabilities and reconnection
  5. Sanjay Chepuri: Testing Adiabatic Models of Energetic Electron Acceleration at Dipolarization Fronts
  6. Anthony Rogers: Utilizing GPS as an asset to study injections
  7. Yangyang Shen: Contribution of Kinetic Alfven Waves to Energetic Electron Precipitation from the Nightside Transition Region during a Substorm

Thursday 13:30-15:00 PDT Joint Session with MESO and MPEC: Room A

We will have a panel-led discussion on the following questions:

  1. What can ground-based observations tell us about the mesoscale phenomena occurring in space?
  2. How can we leverage the existing ground-based networks and operational spacecraft data we have for multi-scale coupling research without having the propelling effect of a big NASA mission (like THEMIS or GDC)?
  3. How do model results of mesoscale dynamics translate to ground-based observations in the nightside? Do the model results present similar ground-based signatures in terms of scale size, temporal evolution, and overall dynamics?

After the panel provides their thoughts, we will open up the discussion to the room. Please join in! We wish to run it "workshop style", so please bring a slide if you want to help with the discussion, or just your thoughts.

Panelists:

  1. Kareem Sorathia (Modeling)
  2. Bashi Ferdousi (Modeling)
  3. Toshi Nishimura (Data)
  4. Sneha Yadav (Data)
  5. Emma Spanswick (Data)

mini-GEM 2022

12:00-13:30 CST Joint Session with MESO and RB: Williford C Room

To attend virtually: https://njit.webex.com/meet/gperry

We will run the session like many successful sessions in the past, during which we ask participants to address one or more of the following questions:

How important are mesoscale injections that initiate in the tail plasma sheet to the inner magnetosphere? What’s the role of the transition region in mass and energy transport? How effectively can plasma sheet injections get through the transition region, and/or does the transition region act as a filter? Are the important injections those that are more global in scale? Or, what are we missing in data and/or models to answer these questions?

Confirmed Participants:

  • Ian Mann - The Canadian RADiation Impacts on Climate and Atmospheric Loss Satellite (RADICALS)
  • Amy Keesee - How effectively can plasma sheet injections get through the transition region
  • Christine Gabrielse - Using ground-based observatories to probe the mesoscale contribution
  • Harry Arnold - Meso-Scale Injections from Global Magnetosphere Simulations using Data Mining Derived Resistivity

15:30-17:00 CST: Williford A Room

To attend virtually: https://jhuapl.zoomgov.com/j/1611494286?pwd=MndKdXFuSnV4bnVsckFRSjZyLzA2QT09

Understanding how energy is transferred between scale sizes is an important yet unresolved question in the field. How much energy from large- or meso-scale phenomena is dissipated into smaller scales via turbulence/energy cascade? How much energy is transferred up to larger scales via waves? Topics could include generation of anisotropies, kinetic instabilities, particle scattering at BBFs and DFs, and more.

Confirmed Participants:

  • Adam Michael
  • Sasha Ukhorskiy


GEM 2022

Tuesday 10:30-12:00

Models have shown that BBFs/DFBs/Mesoscale Injections are important for both ring current and radiation belt build-up, but it remains difficult to verify with observations and therefore the exact role remains an open question. Model results are inconclusive because existing models do not describe all the relevant domains (e.g., magnetotail, transition region, inner magnetosphere) self-consistently while capturing the required range of spatiotemporal scales. We therefore ask, How is plasma and electromagnetic energy transported through the plasma sheet to the inner magnetosphere at different spatiotemporal scales?

In this session, we will discuss the perennial question, What is the role of reconnection and/or other plasma instabilities in producing elementary magnetotail dipolarizations? How do the physical properties of the dipolarizations depend on their spatial location and the time of their appearance relative to the Dungey cycle?

Discussion Leaders/Speakers

  • Toshi Nishimura (work presented by Christine Gabrielse): Kinetic Plasma Structures Associated with Substorm Auroral Beads by Space-Ground Coordinated Observations
  • Shin Ohtani (work presented by Jesper Gjerloev): New Insights into the Substorm Initiation Sequence from the Spatio-temporal Development of Auroral Electrojets
  • Sneha Babu
  • Jinxing Li: The response of ionospheric currents to different types of magnetospheric fast flow bursts


Upload Talks here: https://vgem.org/groups/DIP


Thursday 10:30-12:00

Models have shown that BBFs/DFBs/Mesoscale Injections are important for both ring current and radiation belt build-up, but it remains difficult to verify with observations and therefore the exact role remains an open question. Model results are inconclusive because existing models do not describe all the relevant domains (e.g., magnetotail, transition region, inner magnetosphere) self-consistently while capturing the required range of spatiotemporal scales. We therefore ask, How is plasma and electromagnetic energy transported through the plasma sheet to the inner magnetosphere at different spatiotemporal scales?

Especially given the upcoming Decadal Survey, we want to use a designated session to discuss the following:

  • What do we currently know from models?
  • What are the limitations of the current models?
  • What modeling advances are required and feasible to resolve these limitations in the near- and long-term future (e.g., 5-10 years vs 10-30 years)?
  • What do we currently know from observations?
  • What can we still learn from existing observations and what are their limitations that inhibit further progress?
  • What new observations are required and feasible to resolve these limitations in the near- and long-term future?

Discussion Leaders/Speakers (Contact the DIP FG leaders if you want to participate as well!)

  • Christine Gabrielse: An overview of a white paper drafted based on prior GEM debates
  • Slava Merkin
  • Joachim Birn: Electron acceleration and anisotropies in dipolarization events
  • Andrei Runov: Dipolarizations & Injections: Unfinished Business


Upload slides here: https://vgem.org/groups/DIP

Friday 10:30-12:00 MESO/DIP Joint Session

For the duration of the DIP FG, we have discussed the roles that mesoscale phenomena (e.g. DFBs, BBFs, injections, streamers) play with respect to the global system response (e.g. global dipolarization, MLT wide injections). As our FG winds down, the MESO FG will take the lead on this topic. We therefore are hosting a joint session to address these topics.

We further solicit general MI-Coupling presentations to discuss how the two regions affect each other.

Discussion Leaders/Speakers

  • Chih-Ping Wang: RCM simulation of azimuthal expansion of plasma sheet bubble in transition region
  • Yangyang Shen: Contribution of kinetic Alfvén waves to energetic electron scattering and precipitation from plasma sheet injections
  • Sheng Tian: Coordinated observations on how global-scale dipolarizations couple to the ionosphere and meso-scale dipolarizations
  • Kareem Sorathia: Global modeling of multiscale stormtime magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling
  • Matt Cooper: Field-aligned thermodynamic features represented in the Middle Energy Inner Magnetosphere (MEIM) Model
  • James Weygand: ASI and GOES Observations of Nighttime Magnetic Perturbation Events Observed in Canada
  • Homayon Aryan: The response of ionospheric currents to different types of magnetospheric fast flow bursts

Upload Talks here: https://vgem.org/groups/DIP

Resulting Papers

If you wrote a paper that was in part thanks to or discussed in this Focus Group, please let us know and we will add it to the list.

  1. Cramer, W. D., J. Raeder, F. R. Toffoletto, M. Gilson, and B. Hu (Apr 2017), Plasma sheet injections into the inner magnetosphere: Two-way coupled OpenGGCM-RCM model results, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122, 5077–5091, doi:10.1002/2017JA024104.
  2. Gabrielse, C., V. Angelopoulos, C. Harris, A. Artemyev, L. Kepko, and A. Runov (Apr 2017), Extensive electron transport and energization via multiple, localized dipolarizing flux bundles, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 122, 5059–5076, doi:10.1002/2017JA023981.
  3. Keesee, A. M., Katus, R. M., & Scime, E. E. (Aug 2017). The Effect of Storm Driver and Intensity on Magnetospheric Ion Temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122(9), 9414–9426. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA023973
  4. Dewey, R. M., Slavin, J. A., Raines, J. M., Baker, D. N., & Lawrence, D. J. (Nov 2017). Energetic electron acceleration and injection during dipolarization events in Mercury’s magnetotail. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122, 12,170-12,188, doi:10.1002/2017JA024617.
  5. Turner, D. L., Fennell, J. F., Blake, J. B., Claudepierre, S. G., Clemmons, J. H.,Jaynes, A. N.,...Reeves, G. D. (Nov 2017). Multipoint observations of energetic particle injections and substorm activity during a conjunction between Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) and Van Allen Probes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 122, 11, 481–11,504. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024554
  6. Nakamura, R., Varsani, A., Genestreti, K. J., Le Contel, O., Nakamura, T., Baumjohann, W., et al. (Feb 2018). Multiscale currents observed by MMS in the flow braking region. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123, 1260–1278. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024686
  7. Lui, A. T. Y. (Feb 2018), Frozen-in condition for ions and electrons: Implication on magnetic flux transport by dipolarizing flux bundles, Geosci. Lett., 5:5, doi.org/10.1186/s40562-018-0104-0.
  8. Pritchett, P. L., & Lu, S. (Mar 2018). Externally driven onset of localized magnetic reconnection and disruption in a magnetotail configuration. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123, 2787–2800. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA025094
  9. Dewey, R. M., Raines, J. M., Sun, W., Slavin, J. A., & Poh, G. (Mar 2018). MESSENGER observations of fast plasma flows in Mercury’s magnetotail. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 10,110–10,118, doi:10.1029/2018GL079056.
  10. Lui, A. T. Y. (Mar 2018). Review on the Characteristics of the Current Sheet in the Earth's Magnetotail. In A. Keiling, O. Marghitu, & M. Wheat-land (Eds.),Electric Currents in Geospace and Beyond(Vol. 235, pp. 155–175). Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119324522.ch10
  11. Ohtani, S., Motoba, T., Gkioulidou, M., Takahashi, K., & Singer, H. J. (June 2018). Spatial development of the dipolarization region in the inner magnetosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 123, 5452– 5463. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025443
  12. Stephens, G. K., Sitnov, M. I., Korth, H., Tsyganenko, N. A., Ohtani, S., Gkioulidou, M., & Ukhorskiy, A. Y. (Jan 2019). Global empirical picture of magnetospheric substorms inferred from multimission magnetometer data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025843
  13. Eshetu, W. W., Lyon, J. G.,Hudson, M. K., & Wiltberger, M. J. (Feb 2019). Simulations of electron energization and injection by BBFs using high-resolution LFM MHD fields. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics,124, 1222–1238. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025789
  14. Liu, Y.-H., Li, T. C., Hesse, M., Sun, W.-J., Liu, J., Burch, J., et al. (Apr 2019). Three-dimensional magnetic reconnection with a spatially confined X-line extent: Implications for dipolarizing flux bundles and the dawn-dusk asymmetry. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 2819–2830. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026539
  15. Sitnov, M., Birn, J., Ferdousi, B., Gordeev, E., Khotyaintsev, Y., Merkin, V., Motoba, M., Otto, A., Panov, E., Pritchett, P., Pucci, F., Raeder, J., Runov, A., Sergeev, V., Velli, M. & Zhou, X. (June 2019). Explosive Magnetotail Activity. Space Science Reviews, 215(4), 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0599-5.
  16. Birn, J., Liu, J., Runov, A., Kepko, L.,& Angelopoulos, V. (July 2019). On the contribution of dipolarizing flux bundles to the substorm current wedge and to flux and energy transport. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics,124,5408–5420. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026658.
  17. Gabrielse, C., Spanswick, E., Artemyev, A., Nishimura, Y., Runov, A., Lyons, L., et al. (July 2019). Utilizing the Heliophysics/Geospace System Observatory to understand particle injections: Their scale sizes and propagation directions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 5584–5609. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025588
  18. Sitnov, M. I., Stephens, G. K., Tsyganenko, N. A., Miyashita, Y., Merkin, V. G., Motoba, T., Ohtani, S. & Genestreti, K. (Oct 2019). Signatures of nonideal plasma evolution during substorms obtained by mining multimission magnetometer data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027037
  19. Ohtani, S. (Oct 2019). Substorm energy transport from the magnetotail to the nightside ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 8669–8684. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026964
  20. Merkin, V. G., Panov, E. V., Sorathia, K., & Ukhorskiy, A. Y. (Oct 2019). Contribution of bursty bulk flows to the global dipolarization of the magnetotail during an isolated substorm. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 124, 8647-8668. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026872
  21. Fu, H., Grigorenko, E.E., Gabrielse, C. et al. Magnetotail dipolarization fronts and particle acceleration: A review. Sci. China Earth Sci. (Dec 2019), doi:10.1007/s11430-019-9551-y
  22. McPherron, R. L., El-Alaoui, M., Walker, R. J., Nishimura, Y., & Weygand, J. M. (Jan 2020). The relation of N-S auroral streamers to auroral expansion. Journal of GeophysicalResearch: Space Physics, 125, e2019JA027063. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027063.
  23. Nishimura, Y., L. R. Lyons, C. Gabrielse, J. M. Weygand, E. F. Donovan & V. Angelopoulos (July 2020), Relative contributions of large-scale and wedgelet currents in the substorm current wedge. Earth Planets Space 72, 106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-020-01234-x.
  24. Ohtani, S., J. Gjerloev (August 2020), Is the Substorm Current Wedge an Ensemble of Wedgelets?: Revisit to Midlatitude Positive Bays, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JA027902
  25. McPherron, R.L., M. El-Alaoui, R.J. Walker, and R. Richard (August 2020), Characteristics of Reconnection Sites and Fast Flow Channels in an MHD Simulation, J. Geophys. Res. - Space Physics, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027701.
  26. Ghaffari, R., Cully, C. M., & Gabrielse, C. (2021). Statistical study of whistler-mode waves and expected pitch angle diffusion rates during dispersionless electron injections. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2021GL094085. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094085
  27. Runov, A., Angelopoulos, V., Henderson, M. G., Gabrielse, C., & Artemyev, A. (2021). Magnetotail dipolarizations and ion flux variations during the main phase of magnetic storms. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 126, e2020JA028470., https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020JA028470
  28. Nishimura, Y., Artemyev, A. V., Lyons, L. R., Gabrielse, C., Donovan, E. F., & Angelopoulos, V. (2022). Space-ground observations of dynamics of substorm onset beads. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 127, e2021JA030004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA030004.
  29. Ohtani, S., Motoba, T., Gjerloev, J. W., Frey, H. U., Mann, I. R., Chi, P. J., & Korth, H. (2022). New Insights into the Substorm Initiation Sequence from the Spatio-temporal Development of Auroral Electrojets. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 127, e2021JA030114. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA030114.
  30. Gabrielse C, Gkioulidou M, Merkin S, Malaspina D, Turner DL, Chen MW, Ohtani S-i, Nishimura Y, Liu J, Birn J, Deng Y, Runov A, McPherron RL, Keesee A, Yin Lui AT, Sheng C, Hudson M, Gallardo-Lacourt B, Angelopoulos V, Lyons L, Wang C-P, Spanswick EL, Donovan E, Kaeppler SR, Sorathia K, Kepko L and Zou S, (2023) Mesoscale phenomena and their contribution to the global response: a focus on the magnetotail transition region and magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. Front. Astron. Space Sci. 10:1151339, https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2023.1151339